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PDL::Core - fundamental PDL functionality |
PDL::Core - fundamental PDL functionality
Methods and functions for type conversions, PDL creation, type conversion, threading etc.
use PDL::Core; # Normal routines use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # Hairy routines
piddle constructor - creates new piddle from perl scalars/arrays
$a = pdl(SCALAR|ARRAY REFERENCE|ARRAY);
$a = pdl [1..10]; # 1D array $a = pdl ([1..10]); # 1D array $a = pdl (1,2,3,4); # Ditto $b = pdl [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]; # 2D 3x2 array $b = pdl 42 # 0-dimensional scalar $c = pdl $a; # Make a new copy $a = pdl([1,2,3],[4,5,6]); # 2D $a = pdl([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); # 2D
Note the last two are equivalent - a list is automatically
converted to a list reference for syntactic convenience. i.e. you
can omit the outer []
pdl() is a functional synonym for the 'new' constructor,
e.g.:
$x = new PDL [1..10];
In order to control how undefs are handled in converting from perl lists to
PDLs, one can set the variable $PDL::undefval.
For example:
$foo = [[1,2,undef],[undef,3,4]]; $PDL::undefval = -999; $f = pdl $foo; print $f [ [ 1 2 -999] [-999 3 4] ]
$PDL::undefval defaults to zero.
Returns a 'null' piddle.
$x = null;
null() has a special meaning to PDL::PP. It is used to
flag a special kind of empty piddle, which can grow to
appropriate dimensions to store a result (as opposed to
storing a result in an existing piddle).
perldl> sumover sequence(10,10), $ans=null;p $ans [45 145 245 345 445 545 645 745 845 945]
Returns a 'null' piddle.
$x = PDL->nullcreate($arg)
This is an routine used by many of the threading primitives (i.e. sumover, minimum, etc.) to generate a null piddle for the function's output that will behave properly for derived (or subclassed) PDL objects.
For the above usage:
If $arg is a PDL, or a derived PDL, then $arg->null is returned.
If $arg is a scalar (i.e. a zero-dimensional PDL) then $PDL->null
is returned.
PDL::Derived->nullcreate(10) returns PDL::Derived->null. PDL->nullcreate($pdlderived) returns $pdlderived->null.
Return the number of elements in a piddle
$n = nelem($piddle); $n = $piddle->nelem;
$mean = sum($data)/nelem($data);
Return piddle dimensions as a perl list
@dims = $piddle->dims; @dims = dims($piddle);
perldl> p @tmp = dims zeroes 10,3,22 10 3 22
Returns the number of dimensions in a piddle. Alias for getndims.
Returns the number of dimensions in a piddle
$ndims = $piddle->getndims;
perldl> p zeroes(10,3,22)->getndims 3
Returns the size of the given dimension of a piddle. Alias for getdim.
Returns the size of the given dimension.
$dim0 = $piddle->getdim(0);
perldl> p zeroes(10,3,22)->getdim(1) 3
Negative indices count from the end of the dims array. Indices beyond the end will return a size of 1. This reflects the idea that any pdl is equivalent to an infinitely dimensional array in which only a finite number of dimensions have a size different from one. For example, in that sense a 3D piddle of shape [3,5,2] is equivalent to a [3,5,2,1,1,1,1,1,....] piddle. Accordingly,
print $a->getdim(10000);
will print 1 for most practically encountered piddles.
alternate piddle constructor - ensures arg is a piddle
$a = topdl(SCALAR|ARRAY REFERENCE|ARRAY);
The difference between pdl() and topdl() is that the
latter will just 'fall through' if the argument is
already a piddle. It will return a reference and NOT
a new copy.
This is particulary useful if you are writing a function
which is doing some fiddling with internals and assumes
a piddle argument (e.g. for method calls). Using topdl()
will ensure nothing breaks if passed with '2'.
Note that topdl() is not exported by default (see example
below for usage).
use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of
# the Core module
$a = topdl 43; # $a is piddle with value '43' $b = topdl $piddle; # fall through $a = topdl (1,2,3,4); # Convert 1D array
Internal: Return the numeric value identifying the piddle datatype
$x = $piddle->get_datatype;
Mainly used for internal routines.
NOTE: get_datatype returns 'just a number' not any special type object, unlike type.
Returns the size of a piddle datatype in bytes.
Note that howbig() is not exported by default (see example
below for usage).
use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of
# the Core module
$size = howbig($piddle->get_datatype);
Mainly used for internal routines.
NOTE: NOT a method! This is because get_datatype returns 'just a number' not any special object.
perldl> p howbig(ushort([1..10])->get_datatype) 2
Returns the piddle thread IDs as a perl list
Note that threadids() is not exported by default (see example
below for usage).
use PDL::Core ':Internal'; # use the internal routines of
# the Core module
@ids = threadids $piddle;
Turn on/off dataflow
$x->doflow; doflow($x);
Whether or not a piddle is indulging in dataflow
something if $x->flows; $hmm = flows($x);
new piddle constructor method
$x = PDL->new(SCALAR|ARRAY|ARRAY REF);
$x = PDL->new(42); $y = new PDL [1..10];
Constructs piddle from perl numbers and lists.
Make a physical copy of a piddle
$new = $old->copy;
Since $new = $old just makes a new reference, the
copy method is provided to allow real independent
copies to be made.
Return an explicit copy of the header of a PDL.
hdr_copy is just a wrapper for the internal routine _hdr_copy, which
takes the hash ref itself. That is the routine which is used to make
copies of the header during normal operations if the hdrcpy() flag of
a PDL is set.
General-purpose deep copies are expensive in perl, so some simple optimization happens:
If the header is a tied array or a blessed hash ref with an associated
method called copy, then that ->copy method is called. Otherwise, all
elements of the hash are explicitly copied, resulting in a ``first-level''
copy of the header: actual scalars are physically copied, but if elements
of the header are refs to something else, those something elses aren not
copied.
Return a piddle which is the same as the argument except that all threadids have been removed.
$y = $x->unwind;
Make sure the data portion of a piddle can be accessed from XS code.
$a->make_physical; $a->call_my_xs_method;
Ensures that a piddle gets its own allocated copy of data. This obviously implies that there are certain piddles which do not have their own data. These are so called virtual piddles that make use of the vaffine optimisation (see PDL::Indexing). They do not have their own copy of data but instead store only access information to some (or all) of another piddle's data.
Note: this function should not be used unless absolutely neccessary
since otherwise memory requirements might be severly increased. Instead
of writing your own XS code with the need to call make_physical you
might want to consider using the PDL preprocessor
(see PDL::PP)
which can be used to transparently access virtual piddles without the
need to physicalise them (though there are exceptions).
Insert a 'dummy dimension' of given length (defaults to 1)
No relation to the 'Dungeon Dimensions' in Discworld!
Negative positions specify relative to last dimension,
i.e. dummy(-1) appends one dimension at end,
dummy(-2) inserts a dummy dimension in front of the
last dim, etc.
If you specify a dimension position larger than the existing
dimension list of your PDL, the PDL gets automagically padded with extra
dummy dimensions so that you get the dim you asked for, in the slot you
asked for. This could cause you trouble if, for example,
you ask for $a->dummy(5000,1) because $a will get 5,000 dimensions,
each of rank 1.
Because padding at the beginning of the dimension list moves existing dimensions from slot to slot, it's considered unsafe, so automagic padding doesn't work for large negative indices -- only for large positive indices.
$y = $x->dummy($position[,$dimsize]);
perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(0,3) [ [0 0 0] [1 1 1] [2 2 2] ]
perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(3,2) [ [ [0 1 2] ] [ [0 1 2] ] ]
perldl> p sequence(3)->dummy(-3,2) For safety, <pos> < -(dims+1) is not allowed in dummy, allowed min=-2.
``clumps'' several dimensions into one large dimension
If called with one argument $n clumps the first $n
dimensions into one. For example, if $a has dimensions
(5,3,4) then after
$b = $a->clump(2); # Clump 2 first dimensions
the variable $b will have dimensions (15,4)
and the element $b->at(7,3) refers to the element
$a->at(1,2,3).
Use clump(-1) to flatten a piddle. The method flat
is provided as a convenient alias.
If clump is called with an index list with more than one element
it is treated as a list of dimensions that should be clumped together
into one. The resulting
clumped dim is placed at the position of the lowest index in the list.
This convention ensures that clump does the expected thing in
the usual cases. The following example demonstrates typical usage:
$a = sequence 2,3,3,3,5; # 5D piddle $c = $a->clump(1..3); # clump all the dims 1 to 3 into one print $c->info; # resulting 3D piddle has clumped dim at pos 1 PDL: Double D [2,27,5]
define functions that support threading at the perl level
thread_define 'tline(a(n);b(n))', over {
line $_[0], $_[1]; # make line compliant with threading
};
thread_define provides some support for threading (see
the PDL::Indexing manpage) at the perl level. It allows you to do things for
which you normally would have resorted to PDL::PP (see the PDL::PP manpage);
however, it is most useful to wrap existing perl functions so that the
new routine supports PDL threading.
thread_define is used to define new threading aware
functions. Its first argument is a symbolic repesentation of the new
function to be defined. The string is composed of the name of the new
function followed by its signature (see the PDL::Indexing manpage and the PDL::PP manpage)
in parentheses. The second argument is a subroutine that will be
called with the slices of the actual runtime arguments as specified by
its signature. Correct dimension sizes and minimal number of
dimensions for all arguments will be checked (assuming the rules of
PDL threading, see the PDL::Indexing manpage).
The actual work is done by the signature class which parses the signature
string, does runtime dimension checks and the routine threadover that
generates the loop over all appropriate slices of pdl arguments and creates
pdls as needed.
Similar to pp_def and its OtherPars option it is possible to
define the new function so that it accepts normal perl args as well as
piddles. You do this by using the NOtherPars parameter in the
signature. The number of NOtherPars specified will be passed
unaltered into the subroutine given as the second argument of
thread_define. Let's illustrate this with an example:
PDL::thread_define 'triangles(inda();indb();indc()), NOtherPars => 2',
PDL::over {
${$_[3]} .= $_[4].join(',',map {$_->at} @_[0..2]).",-1,\n";
};
This defines a function triangles that takes 3 piddles as input
plus 2 arguments which are passed into the routine unaltered. This routine
is used to collect lists of indices into a perl scalar that is passed by
reference. Each line is preceded by a prefix passed as $_[4]. Here is
typical usage:
$txt = ''; triangles(pdl(1,2,3),pdl(1),pdl(0),\$txt," "x10); print $txt;
resulting in the following output
1,1,0,-1, 2,1,0,-1, 3,1,0,-1,
which is used in PDL::Graphics::TriD::VRML to generate VRML output.
Currently, this is probably not much more than a POP (proof of principle) but is hoped to be useful enough for some real life work.
Check PDL::PP for the format of the signature. Currently, the
[t] qualifier and all type qualifiers are ignored.
Use explicit threading over specified dimensions (see also the PDL::Indexing manpage)
$b = $a->thread($dim,[$dim1,...])
$a = zeroes 3,4,5; $b = $a->thread(2,0);
Same as PDL::thread1, i.e. uses thread id 1.
Returns the multidimensional diagonal over the specified dimensions.
$d = $x->diagonal(dim1, dim2,...)
perldl> $a = zeroes(3,3,3); perldl> ($b = $a->diagonal(0,1))++; perldl> p $a [ [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] [ [1 0 0] [0 1 0] [0 0 1] ] ]
Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 1.
$xx = $x->thread1(3,1)
Wibble
Convenience function interfacing to PDL::Slices::threadI.
Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 2.
$xx = $x->thread2(3,1)
Wibble
Convenience function interfacing to PDL::Slices::threadI.
Explicit threading over specified dims using thread id 3.
$xx = $x->thread3(3,1)
Wibble
Convenience function interfacing to PDL::Slices::threadI.
sever any links of this piddle to parent piddles
In PDL it is possible for a piddle to be just another view into another piddle's data. In that case we call this piddle a virtual piddle and the original piddle owning the data its parent. In other languages these alternate views sometimes run by names such as alias or smart reference.
Typical functions that return such piddles are slice, xchg,
index, etc. Sometimes, however, you would like to separate the
virtual piddle from its parent's data and just give it a life of
its own (so that manipulation of its data doesn't change the parent).
This is simply achieved by using sever. For example,
$a = $pdl->index(pdl(0,3,7))->sever; $a++; # important: $pdl is not modified!
In many (but not all) circumstances it acts therefore similar to
copy.
However, in general performance is better with sever and secondly,
sever doesn't lead to futile copying when used on piddles that
already have their own data. On the other hand, if you really want to make
sure to work on a copy of a piddle use copy.
$a = zeroes(20); $a->sever; # NOOP since $a is already its own boss!
Again note: sever is not the same as copy!
For example,
$a = zeroes(1); # $a does not have a parent, i.e. it is not a slice etc $b = $a->sever; # $b is now pointing to the same piddle as $a $b++; print $a; [1]
but
$a = zeroes(1); $b = $a->copy; # $b is now pointing to a new piddle $b++; print $a; [0]
Return formatted information about a piddle.
$x->info($format_string);
print $x->info("Type: %T Dim: %-15D State: %S");
Returns a string with info about a piddle. Takes an optional
argument to specify the format of information a la sprintf.
Format specifiers are in the form %<width><letter>
where the width is optional and the letter is one of
ref $pdl
test for approximately equal values (relaxed ==)
# ok if all corresponding values in # piddles are within 1e-8 of each other print "ok\n" if all approx $a, $b, 1e-8;
approx is a relaxed form of the == operator and
often more appropriate for floating point types (float
and double).
Usage:
$res = approx $a, $b [, $eps]
The optional parameter $eps is remembered across invocations
and initially set to 1e-6, e.g.
approx $a, $b; # last $eps used (1e-6 initially) approx $a, $b, 1e-10; # 1e-10 approx $a, $b; # also 1e-10
Convenience interface to slice, allowing easier inclusion of dimensions in perl code.
$a = $x->mslice(...);
# below is the same as $x->slice("5:7,:,3:4:2")
$a = $x->mslice([5,7],X,[3,4,2]);
Internally used interface to slice and dice that is the runtime part of the PDL::NiceSlice implementation.
$a = $x->nslice(...);
# below is the same as $x->slice("5:7,:,3:4:2")
$a = $x->nslice([5,7],X,[3,4,2]);
It implements a superset of mslice's features. Should probably not be used in your scripts. Rather resort to the PDL::NiceSlice interface.
Flag a piddle so that the next operation is done 'in place'
somefunc($x->inplace); somefunc(inplace $x);
In most cases one likes to use the syntax $y = f($x), however
in many case the operation f() can be done correctly
'in place', i.e. without making a new copy of the data for
output. To make it easy to use this, we write f() in such
a way that it operates in-place, and use inplace to hint
that a new copy should be disabled. This also makes for
clear syntax.
Obviously this will not work for all functions, and if in
doubt see the function's documentation. However one
can assume this is
true for all elemental functions (i.e. those which just
operate array element by array element like log10).
perldl> $x = xvals zeroes 10; perldl> log10(inplace $x) perldl> p $x [ -Inf 0 0.30103 0.47712125 0.60205999 0.69897 0.77815125 0.84509804 0.90308999 0.95424251]
Test the in-place flag on a piddle
$out = ($in->is_inplace) ? $in : zeroes($in); $in->set_inplace(0)
Provides access to the inplace:inplace hint flag, within the perl millieu. That way functions you write can be inplace aware... If given an argument the inplace flag will be set or unset depending on the value at the same time. Can be used for shortcut tests that delete the inplace flag while testing:
$out = ($in->is_inplace(0)) ? $in : zeroes($in); # test & unset!
Set the in-place flag on a piddle
$out = ($in->is_inplace) ? $in : zeroes($in); $in->set_inplace(0);
Provides access to the inplace:inplace hint flag, within the perl millieu. Useful mainly for turning it OFF, as inplace:inplace turns it ON more conveniently.
Return back either the argument pdl or a copy of it depending on whether it be flagged in-place or no. Handy for building inplace-aware functions.
Internal method: create piddle by specification
This is the argument processing method called by zeroes and some other functions which constructs piddles from argument lists of the form:
[type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...
For $nx, $ny, etc. 0 and 1D piddles are allowed.
Giving those has the same effect as if saying $arg->list,
e.g.
1, pdl(5,2), 4
is equivalent to
1, 5, 2, 4
Note, however, that in all functions using new_from_specification
calling func $piddle will probably not do what you want. So to play safe
use (e.g. with zeroes)
$pdl = zeroes $dimpdl->list;
Calling
$pdl = zeroes $dimpdl;
will rather be equivalent to
$pdl = zeroes $dimpdl->dims;
However,
$pdl = zeroes ushort, $dimpdl;
will again do what you intended since it is interpreted as if you had said
$pdl = zeroes ushort, $dimpdl->list;
This is unfortunate and confusing but no good solution seems obvious that would not break existing scripts.
Test whether a piddle is empty
print "The piddle has zero dimension\n" if $pdl->isempty;
This function returns 1 if the piddle has zero elements. This is useful in particular when using the indexing function which. In the case of no match to a specified criterion, the returned piddle has zero dimension.
perldl> $a=sequence(10) perldl> $i=which($a < -1) perldl> print "I found no matches!\n" if ($a->isempty);
Note that having zero elements is rather different from the concept of being a null piddle, see the PDL::FAQ and PDL::Indexing manpages for discussions of this.
construct a zero filled piddle from dimension list or template piddle.
Various forms of usage,
(i) by specification or (ii) by template piddle:
# usage type (i): $a = zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); $a = PDL->zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); $a = $pdl->zeroes([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); # usage type (ii): $a = zeroes $b; $a = $b->zeroes zeroes inplace $a; # Equivalent to $a .= 0; $a->inplace->zeroes; # ""
perldl> $z = zeroes 4,3 perldl> p $z [ [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] ] perldl> $z = zeroes ushort, 3,2 # Create ushort array [ushort() etc. with no arg returns a PDL::Types token]
See also new_from_specification for details on using piddles in the dimensions list.
construct a one filled piddle
$a = ones([type], $nx, $ny, $nz,...); etc. (see 'zeroes')
see zeroes() and add one
See also new_from_specification for details on using piddles in the dimensions list.
Change the shape (i.e. dimensions) of a piddle, preserving contents.
$x->reshape(NEWDIMS); reshape($x, NEWDIMS);
The data elements are preserved, obviously they will wrap differently and get truncated if the new array is shorter. If the new array is longer it will be zero-padded.
***Potential incompatibility with earlier versions of PDL****
If the list of NEWDIMS is empty reshape will just drop
all dimensions of size 1 (preserving the number of elements):
$a = sequence(3,4,5); $b = $a(1,3); $b->reshape(); print $b->info; PDL: Double D [5]
Dimensions of size 1 will also be dropped if reshape is
invoked with the argument -1:
$b = $a->reshape(-1);
As opposed to reshape without arguments, reshape(-1)
preserves dataflow:
$a = ones(2,1,2); $b = $a(0)->reshape(-1); $b++; print $a; [ [ [2 1] ] [ [2 1] ] ]
Note: an explicit copy of slices is generally forced - this is the
only way (for now) of stopping a crash if $x is a slice.
Important: Physical piddles are changed inplace!
perldl> $x = sequence(10) perldl> reshape $x,3,4; p $x [ [0 1 2] [3 4 5] [6 7 8] [9 0 0] ] perldl> reshape $x,5; p $x [0 1 2 3 4]
eliminate all singleton dimensions (dims of size 1)
$b = $a(0,0)->squeeze;
Alias for reshape(-1). Removes all singleton dimensions
and preserves dataflow. A more concise interface is
provided by PDL::NiceSlice via modifiers:
use PDL::NiceSlice; $b = $a(0,0;-); # same as $a(0,0)->squeeze
flatten a piddle (alias for $pdl-clump(-1)>)
$srt = $pdl->flat->qsort;
Useful method to make a 1D piddle from an arbitrarily sized input piddle. Data flows back and forth as usual with slicing routines. Falls through if argument already <= 1D.
Generic datatype conversion function
$y = convert($x, $newtype);
$y = convert $x, long $y = convert $x, ushort
$newtype is a type number, for convenience they are
returned by long() etc when called without arguments.
byte|short|ushort|long|longlong|float|double convert shorthands
$y = double $x; $y = ushort [1..10]; # all of byte|short|ushort|long|float|double behave similarly
When called with a piddle argument, they convert to the specific datatype.
When called with a numeric or list / listref argument they construct
a new piddle. This is a convenience to avoid having to be
long-winded and say $x = long(pdl(42))
Thus one can say:
$a = float(1,2,3,4); # 1D $a = float([1,2,3],[4,5,6]); # 2D $a = float([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]); # 2D
Note the last two are equivalent - a list is automatically
converted to a list reference for syntactic convenience. i.e. you
can omit the outer []
When called with no arguments return a special type token. This allows syntactical sugar like:
$x = ones byte, 1000,1000;
This example creates a large piddle directly as byte datatype in order to save memory.
In order to control how undefs are handled in converting from perl lists to
PDLs, one can set the variable $PDL::undefval;
see the function pdl() for more details.
perldl> p $x=sqrt float [1..10] [1 1.41421 1.73205 2 2.23607 2.44949 2.64575 2.82843 3 3.16228] perldl> p byte $x [1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3]
Convert to byte datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to short datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to ushort datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to long datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to longlong datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to float datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
Convert to double datatype - see 'Datatype_conversions'
return the type of a piddle as a blessed type object
A convenience function for use with the piddle constructors, e.g.
$b = PDL->zeroes($a->type,$a->dims,3); die "must be float" unless $a->type == float;
See also the discussion of the PDL::Type class in the PDL::Types manpage.
Note that the PDL::Type objects have overloaded comparison and
stringify operators so that you can compare and print types:
$a = $a->float if $a->type < float; $t = $a->type; print "Type is $t\";
Convert piddle to perl list
@tmp = list $x;
Obviously this is grossly inefficient for the large datasets PDL is designed to handle. This was provided as a get out while PDL matured. It should now be mostly superseded by superior constructs, such as PP/threading. However it is still occasionally useful and is provied for backwards compatibility.
for (list $x) {
# Do something on each value...
}
Convert piddle indices to perl list
@tmp = listindices $x;
@tmp now contains the values 0..nelem($x).
Obviously this is grossly inefficient for the large datasets PDL is designed to handle. This was provided as a get out while PDL matured. It should now be mostly superseded by superior constructs, such as PP/threading. However it is still occasionally useful and is provied for backwards compatibility.
for $i (listindices $x) {
# Do something on each value...
}
Set a single value inside a piddle
set $piddle, @position, $value
@position is a coordinate list, of size equal to the
number of dimensions in the piddle. Occasionally useful,
mainly provided for backwards compatibility as superseded
by use of slice and assigment operator .=.
perldl> $x = sequence 3,4 perldl> set $x, 2,1,99 perldl> p $x [ [ 0 1 2] [ 3 4 99] [ 6 7 8] [ 9 10 11] ]
Returns a single value inside a piddle as perl scalar.
$z = at($piddle, @position); $z=$piddle->at(@position);
@position is a coordinate list, of size equal to the
number of dimensions in the piddle. Occasionally useful
in a general context, quite useful too inside PDL internals.
perldl> $x = sequence 3,4 perldl> p $x->at(1,2) 7
return a single value from a piddle as a scalar
$val = $a(10)->sclr; $val = sclr inner($a,$b);
The sclr method is useful to turn a piddle into a normal Perl
scalar. Its main advantage over using at for this purpose is the fact
that you do not need to worry if the piddle is 0D, 1D or higher dimensional.
Using at you have to supply the correct number of zeroes, e.g.
$a = sequence(10);
$b = $a->slice('4');
print $b->sclr; # no problem
print $b->at(); # error: needs at least one zero
sclr is generally used when a Perl scalar is required instead
of a one-element piddle. If the input is a multielement piddle
the first value is returned as a Perl scalar. You can optionally
switch on checks to ensure that the input piddle has only one element:
PDL->sclr({Check => 'warn'}); # carp if called with multi-el pdls
PDL->sclr({Check => 'barf'}); # croak if called with multi-el pdls
are the commands to switch on warnings or raise an error if
a multielement piddle is passed as input. Note that these options
can only be set when sclr is called as a class method (see
example above). Use
PDL->sclr({Check=>0});
to switch these checks off again (default setting); When called as a class method the resulting check mode is returned (0: no checking, 1: warn, 2: barf).
concatentate piddles to N+1 dimensional piddle
Takes a list of N piddles of same shape as argument, returns a single piddle of dimension N+1
perldl> $x = cat ones(3,3),zeroes(3,3),rvals(3,3); p $x [ [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] [ [0 0 0] [0 0 0] [0 0 0] ] [ [1 1 1] [1 0 1] [1 1 1] ] ]
Opposite of 'cat' :). Split N dim piddle to list of N-1 dim piddles
Takes a single N-dimensional piddle and splits it into a list of N-1 dimensional piddles. The breakup is done along the last dimension. Note the dataflown connection is still preserved by default, e.g.:
perldl> $p = ones 3,3,3 perldl> ($a,$b,$c) = dog $p perldl> $b++; p $p [ [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] [ [2 2 2] [2 2 2] [2 2 2] ] [ [1 1 1] [1 1 1] [1 1 1] ] ]
Break => 1 Break dataflow connection (new copy)
Standard error reporting routine for PDL.
barf() is the routine PDL modules should call to report errors. This
is because barf() will report the error as coming from the correct
line in the module user's script rather than in the PDL module.
It does this magic by unwinding the stack frames until it reaches
a package NOT beginning with "PDL::". If you DO want it to report
errors in some module PDL::Foo (e.g. when debugging PDL::Foo) then
set the variable $PDL::Foo::Debugging=1.
Additionally if you set the variable $PDL::Debugging=1 you will
get a COMPLETE stack trace back up to the top level package.
Finally barf() will try and report usage information from the
PDL documentation database if the error message is of the
form 'Usage: func'.
Remember barf() is your friend. *Use* it!
At the perl level:
barf("User has too low an IQ!");
In C or XS code:
barf("You have made %d errors", count);
Note: this is one of the few functions ALWAYS exported by PDL::Core
Retrieve header information from a piddle
$pdl=rfits('file.fits');
$h=$pdl->gethdr;
print "Number of pixels in the X-direction=$$h{NAXIS1}\n";
The gethdr function retrieves whatever header information is contained
within a piddle. The header can be set with sethdr and is always a
hash reference or undef.
gethdr returns undef if the piddle has not yet had a header
defined; compare with hdr and fhdr, which are guaranteed to return a
defined value.
Note that gethdr() works by reference: you can modify the header
in-place once it has been retrieved:
$a = rfits($filename);
$ah = $a->gethdr();
$ah->{FILENAME} = $filename;
It is also important to realise that in most cases the header is not automatically copied when you copy the piddle. See hdrcpy to enable automatic header copying.
Here's another example: a wrapper around rcols that allows your piddle to remember the file it was read from and the columns could be easily written (here assuming that no regexp is needed, extensions are left as an exercise for the reader)
sub ext_rcols {
my ($file, @columns)=@_;
my $header={};
$$header{File}=$file;
$$header{Columns}=\@columns;
@piddles=rcols $file, @columns;
foreach (@piddles) { $_->sethdr($header); }
return @piddles;
}
Retrieve or set header information from a piddle
$pdl->hdr->{CDELT1} = 1;
The hdr function allows convenient access to the header of a
piddle. Unlike gethdr it is guaranteed to return a defined value,
so you can use it in a hash dereference as in the example. If the
header does not yet exist, it gets autogenerated as an empty hash.
Note that this is usually -- but not always -- What You Want. If you
want to use a tied Astro::FITS::Header hash,
for example, you should either construct it yourself and use sethdr
to put it into the piddle, or use fhdr instead. (Note that
you should be able to write out the FITS file successfully regardless
of whether your PDL has a tied FITS header object or a vanilla hash).
Retrieve or set FITS header information from a piddle
$pdl->fhdr->{CDELT1} = 1;
The fhdr function allows convenient access to the header of a
piddle. Unlike gethdr it is guaranteed to return a defined value,
so you can use it in a hash dereference as in the example. If the
header does not yet exist, it gets autogenerated as a tied
Astro::FITS::Header hash.
Astro::FITS::Header tied hashes are better at matching the behavior of FITS headers than are regular hashes. In particular, the hash keys are CAsE INsEnSItiVE, unlike normal hash keys. See the Astro::FITS::Header manpage for details.
If you do not have Astro::FITS::Header installed, you get back a normal hash instead of a tied object.
Set header information of a piddle
$pdl = zeroes(100,100);
$h = {NAXIS=>2, NAXIS1=>100, NAXIS=>100, COMMENT=>"Sample FITS-style header"};
# add a FILENAME field to the header
$$h{FILENAME} = 'file.fits';
$pdl->sethdr( $h );
The sethdr function sets the header information for a piddle.
You must feed in a hash ref or undef, and the header field of the PDL is
set to be a new ref to the same hash (or undefined).
The hash ref requirement is a speed bump put in place since the normal use of headers is to store fits header information and the like. Of course, if you want you can hang whatever ugly old data structure you want off of the header, but that makes life more complex.
Remember that the hash is not copied -- the header is made into a ref that points to the same underlying data. To get a real copy without making any assumptions about the underlying data structure, you can use one of the following:
use PDL::IO::Dumper; $pdl->sethdr( deep_copy($h) );
(which is slow but general), or
$pdl->sethdr( PDL::_hdr_copy($h) )
(which uses the built-in sleazy deep copier), or (if you know that all the elements happen to be scalars):
{ my %a = %$h;
$pdl->sethdr(\%a);
}
which is considerably faster but just copies the top level.
The sethdr function must be given a hash reference or undef. For
further information on the header, see gethdr, hdr,
fhdr and hdrcpy.
switch on/off/examine automatic header copying
print "hdrs will be copied" if $a->hdrcpy; $a->hdrcpy(1); # switch on hdr copying $b = $a->sumover; # and $b will inherit $a's hdr $a->hdrcpy(0); # and now make $a non-infectious again
hdrcpy without an argument just returns the current setting of the
flag.
Normally, the optional header of a piddle is not copied
automatically in pdl operations. Switching on the hdrcpy
flag using the hdrcpy method will enable automatic hdr
copying. Note that an actual deep copy gets made, which is
somewhat inefficient -- plan accordingly.
Most PDLs have the hdrcpy flag cleared by default; however, some
routines (notably rfits) set it by default where that makes
more sense.
The hdrcpy flag is viral: if you set it for a PDL, then derived
PDLs will get copies of the header and will also have their hdrcpy
flags set. For example:
$a = xvals(50,50);
$a->hdrcpy(1);
$a->hdr->{FOO} = "bar";
$b = $a++;
$c = $b++;
print $b->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $c->hdr->{FOO}, "\n";
$b->hdr->{FOO} = "baz";
print $a->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $b->hdr->{FOO}, " - ", $c->hdr->{FOO}, "\n";
will print:
bar - bar bar - baz - bar
Copyright (C) Karl Glazebrook (kgb@aaoepp.aao.gov.au), Tuomas J. Lukka, (lukka@husc.harvard.edu) and Christian Soeller (c.soeller@auckland.ac.nz) 1997. Modified, Craig DeForest (deforest@boulder.swri.edu) 2002. All rights reserved. There is no warranty. You are allowed to redistribute this software / documentation under certain conditions. For details, see the file COPYING in the PDL distribution. If this file is separated from the PDL distribution, the copyright notice should be included in the file.
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