• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• ABSTRACT
• DESCRIPTION
• PERFORMANCE
• COMPATIABILITY
• MEMORY SIZE
• CACHE FILES AND OS ISSUES
• PAGE SIZE AND KEY/VALUE LIMITS
• USAGE
• METHODS
• INTERNAL METHODS
• INCOMPATIABLE CHANGES
• SEE ALSO
• AUTHOR
• COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

NAME

Cache::FastMmap - Uses an mmap'ed file to act as a shared memory interprocess cache

SYNOPSIS

  use Cache::FastMmap;

  # Uses vaguely sane defaults
  $Cache = Cache::FastMmap->new();

  # $Value must be a reference...
  $Cache->set($Key, $Value);
  $Value = $Cache->get($Key);

  $Cache = Cache::FastMmap->new(raw_values => 1);

  # $Value can't be a reference...
  $Cache->set($Key, $Value);
  $Value = $Cache->get($Key);

ABSTRACT

A shared memory cache through an mmap'ed file. It's core is written in C for performance. It uses fcntl locking to ensure multiple processes can safely access the cache at the same time. It uses a basic LRU algorithm to keep the most used entries in the cache.

DESCRIPTION

In multi-process environments (eg mod_perl, forking daemons, etc), it's common to want to cache information, but have that cache shared between processes. Many solutions already exist, and may suit your situation better:

the MLDBM::Sync manpage - acts as a database, data is not automatically expired, slow
the IPC::MM manpage - hash implementation is broken, data is not automatically expired, slow
the Cache::FileCache manpage - lots of features, slow
the Cache::SharedMemoryCache manpage - lots of features, VERY slow. Uses IPC::ShareLite which freeze/thaws ALL data at each read/write
the DBI manpage - use your favourite RDBMS. can perform well, need a DB server running. very global. socket connection latency
the Cache::Mmap manpage - similar to this module, in pure perl. slows down with larger pages
BerkeleyDB - very fast (data ends up mostly in shared memory cache) but acts as a database overall, so data is not automatically expired

In the case I was working on, I needed:

Automatic expiry and space management
Very fast access to lots of small items
The ability to fetch/store many items in one go

Which is why I developed this module. It tries to be quite efficient through a number of means:

Core code is written in C for performance
It uses multiple pages within a file, and uses Fcntl to only lock a page at a time to reduce contention when multiple processes access the cache.
It uses a dual level hashing system (hash to find page, then hash within each page to find a slot) to make most get() calls O(1) and fast
On each set(), if there are slots and page space available, only the slot has to be updated and the data written at the end of the used data space. If either runs out, a re-organisation of the page is performed to create new slots/space which is done in an efficient way

The class also supports read-through, and write-back or write-through callbacks to access the real data if it's not in the cache, meaning that code like this:

  my $Value = $Cache->get($Key);
  if (!defined $Value) {
    $Value = $RealDataSource->get($Key);
    $Cache->set($Key, $Value)
  }

Isn't required, you instead specify in the constructor:

  Cache::FastMmap->new(
    ...
    context => $RealDataSourceHandle,
    read_cb => sub { $_[0]->get($_[1]) },
    write_cb => sub { $_[0]->set($_[1], $_[2]) },
  );

And then:

  my $Value = $Cache->get($Key);

  $Cache->set($Key, $NewValue);

Will just work and will be read/written to the underlying data source as needed automatically.

PERFORMANCE

If you're storing relatively large and complex structures into the cache, then you're limited by the speed of the Storable module. If you're storing simple structures, or raw data, then Cache::FastMmap has noticeable performance improvements.

See http://cpan.robm.fastmail.fm/cache_perf.html for some comparisons to other modules.

COMPATIABILITY

Cache::FastMmap uses mmap to map a file as the shared cache space, and fcntl to do page locking. This means it should work on most UNIX like operating systems, but will not work on Windows or Win32 like environments.

MEMORY SIZE

Because Cache::FastMmap mmap's a shared file into your processes memory space, this can make each process look quite large, even though it's just mmap'd memory that's shared between all processes that use the cache, and may even be swapped out if the cache is getting low usage.

However, the OS will think your process is quite large, which might mean you hit some BSD::Resource or 'ulimits' you set previously that you thought were sane, but aren't anymore, so be aware.

CACHE FILES AND OS ISSUES

Because Cache::FastMmap uses an mmap'ed file, when you put values into the cache, you are actually ``dirtying'' pages in memory that belong to the cache file. Your OS will want to write those dirty pages back to the file on the actual physical disk, but the rate it does that at is very OS dependent.

In Linux, you have some control over how the OS writes those pages back using a number of parameters in /proc/sys/vm

  dirty_background_ratio
  dirty_expire_centisecs
  dirty_ratio
  dirty_writeback_centisecs

How you tune these depends heavily on your setup.

As an interesting point, at least on our setup, we have observed a signficant change in behaviour somewhere between Linux 2.6.16 and 2.6.20. We found that certain machines that were fine under 2.6.16 were suddenly experiencing a lot more IO under 2.6.20 that we were able to attribute to the Cache::FastMmap files, even though we hadn't changed any kernel parameters.

In most cases, people are not actually concerned about the persistence of data in the cache, and so are happy to disable writing of any cache data back to disk at all. Baically what they want is an in memory only shared cache. The best way to do that is to use a ``tmpfs'' filesystem and put all cache files on there.

For instance, all our machines have a /tmpfs mount point that we create in /etc/fstab as:

  none /tmpfs tmpfs defaults,noatime,size=1000M 0 0

And we put all our cache files on there. The tmpfs filesystem is smart enough to only use memory as required by files actually on the tmpfs, so making it 1G in size doesn't actually use 1G of memory, it only uses as much as the cache files we put on it. In all cases, we ensure that we never run out of real memory, so the cache files effectively act just as named access points to shared memory.

PAGE SIZE AND KEY/VALUE LIMITS

To reduce lock contention, Cache::FastMmap breaks up the file into pages. When you get/set a value, it hashes the key to get a page, then locks that page, and uses a hash table within the page to get/store the actual key/value pair.

One consequence of this is that you cannot store values larger than a page in the cache at all. Attempting to store values larger than a page size will fail (the set() function will return false).

Also keep in mind that each page has it's own hash table, and that we store the key and value data of each item. So if you are expecting to store large values and/or keys in the cache, you should use page sizes that are definitely larger than your largest key + value size + a few kbytes for the overhead.

USAGE

Because the cache uses shared memory through an mmap'd file, you have to make sure each process connects up to the file. There's probably two main ways to do this:

Create the cache in the parent process, and then when it forks, each child will inherit the same file descriptor, mmap'ed memory, etc and just work.
Explicitly connect up in each forked child to the share file

The first way is usually the easiest. If you're using the cache in a Net::Server based module, you'll want to open the cache in the pre_loop_hook, because that's executed before the fork, but after the process ownership has changed and any chroot has been done.

In mod_perl, just open the cache at the global level in the appropriate module, which is executed as the server is starting and before it starts forking children, but you'll probably want to chmod or chown the file to the permissions of the apache process.

METHODS

new(%Opts)

Create a new Cache::FastMmap object.

Basic global parameters are:

• share_file
  
File to mmap for sharing of data (default on unix: /tmp/sharefile-$pid-$time, default on windows: c:\sharefile-$pid-$time)
• init_file
  
Clear any existing values and re-initialise file. Useful to do in a parent that forks off children to ensure that file is empty at the start (default: 0)

Note: This is quite important to do in the parent to ensure a consistent file structure. The shared file is not perfectly transaction safe, and so if a child is killed at the wrong instant, it might leave the the cache file in an inconsistent state.

• raw_values
  
Store values as raw binary data rather than using Storable to free/thaw data structures (default: 0)
• expire_time
  
Maximum time to hold values in the cache in seconds. A value of 0 means does no explicit expiry time, and values are expired only based on LRU usage. Can be expressed as 1m, 1h, 1d for minutes/hours/days respectively. (default: 0)

You may specify the cache size as:

• cache_size
  
Size of cache. Can be expresses as 1k, 1m for kilobytes or megabytes respectively. Automatically guesses page size/page count values.

Or specify explicit page size/page count values. If none of these are specified, the values page_size = 64k and num_pages = 89 are used.

• page_size
  
Size of each page. Must be a power of 2 between 4k and 1024k. If not, is rounded to the nearest value.
• num_pages
  
Number of pages. Should be a prime number for best hashing

The cache allows the use of callbacks for reading/writing data to an underlying data store.

• context
  
Opaque reference passed as the first parameter to any callback function if specified
• read_cb
  
Callback to read data from the underlying data store. Called as:

  $read_cb->($context, $Key)
  
Should return the value to use. This value will be saved in the cache
for future retrievals. Return undef if there is no value for the
given key

• write_cb
  
Callback to write data to the underlying data store. Called as:

  $write_cb->($context, $Key, $Value, $ExpiryTime)
  
In 'write_through' mode, it's always called as soon as a I<set(...)>
is called on the Cache::FastMmap class. In 'write_back' mode, it's
called when a value is expunged from the cache if it's been changed
by a I<set(...)> rather than read from the underlying store with the
I<read_cb> above.

Note: Expired items do result in the write_cb being called if 'write_back' caching is enabled and the item has been changed. You can check the $ExpiryTime against time() if you only want to write back values which aren't expired.

Also remember that write_cb may be called in a different process to the one that placed the data in the cache in the first place

• delete_cb
  
Callback to delete data from the underlying data store. Called as:

  $delete_cb->($context, $Key)

Called as soon as remove(...) is called on the Cache::FastMmap class

• cache_not_found
  
If set to true, then if the read_cb is called and it returns undef to say nothing was found, then that information is stored in the cache, so that next time a get(...) is called on that key, undef is returned immediately rather than again calling the read_cb
• write_action
  
Either 'write_back' or 'write_through'. (default: write_through)
• allow_recursive
  
If you're using a callback function, then normally the cache is not re-enterable, and attempting to call a get/set on the cache will cause an error. By setting this to one, the cache will unlock any pages before calling the callback. During the unlock time, other processes may change data in current cache page, causing possible unexpected effects. You shouldn't set this unless you know you want to be able to recall to the cache within a callback. (default: 0)
• empty_on_exit
  
When you have 'write_back' mode enabled, then you really want to make sure all values from the cache are expunged when your program exits so any changes are written back.

The trick is that we only want to do this in the parent process, we don't want any child processes to empty the cache when they exit. So if you set this, it takes the PID via $$, and only calls empty in the DESTROY method if $$ matches the pid we captured at the start. (default: 0)

• unlink_on_exit
  
Unlink the share file when the cache is destroyed.

As with empty_on_exit, this will only unlink the file if the DESTROY occurs in the same PID that the cache was created in so that any forked children don't unlink the file.

This value defaults to 1 if the share_file specified does not already exist. If the share_file specified does already exist, it defaults to 0.

get($Key, [ \%Options ])

Search cache for given Key. Returns undef if not found. If read_cb specified and not found, calls the callback to try and find the value for the key, and if found (or 'cache_not_found' is set), stores it into the cache and returns the found value.

%Options is optional, and is used by get_and_set() to control the locking behaviour. For now, you should probably ignore it unless you read the code to understand how it works

set($Key, $Value, [ \%Options ])

Store specified key/value pair into cache

%Options is optional, and is used by get_and_set() to control the locking behaviour. For now, you should probably ignore it unless you read the code to understand how it works

This method returns true if the value was stored in the cache, false otherwise. See the PAGE SIZE AND KEY/VALUE LIMITS section for more details.

get_and_set($Key, $Sub)

Atomically retrieve and set the value of a Key.

The page is locked while retrieving the $Key and is unlocked only after the value is set, thus guaranteeing the value does not change betwen the get and set operations.

$Sub is a reference to a subroutine that is called to calculate the new value to store. $Sub gets $Key and the current value as parameters, and should return the new value to set in the cache for the given $Key.

For example, to atomically increment a value in the cache, you can just use:

  $Cache->get_and_set($Key, sub { return ++$_[1]; });

The return value from this function is the new value stored back into the cache.

Notes:

Do not perform any get/set operations from the callback sub, as these operations lock the page and you may end up with a dead lock!
If your sub does a die/throws an exception, this will be caught to allow the pack to be unlocked, and then rethrown (1.15 onwards)

remove($Key, [ \%Options ])

Delete the given key from the cache

%Options is optional, and is used by get_and_remove() to control the locking behaviour. For now, you should probably ignore it unless you read the code to understand how it works

get_and_remove($Key)

Atomically retrieve value of a Key while removing it from the cache.

The page is locked while retrieving the $Key and is unlocked only after the value is removed, thus guaranteeing the value stored by someone else isn't removed by us.

clear()

Clear all items from the cache

Note: If you're using callbacks, this has no effect on items in the underlying data store. No delete callbacks are made

purge()

Clear all expired items from the cache

Note: If you're using callbacks, this has no effect on items in the underlying data store. No delete callbacks are made, and no write callbacks are made for the expired data

empty($OnlyExpired)

Empty all items from the cache, or if $OnlyExpired is true, only expired items.

Note: If 'write_back' mode is enabled, any changed items are written back to the underlying store. Expired items are written back to the underlying store as well.

get_keys($Mode)

Get a list of keys/values held in the cache. May immediately be out of date because of the shared access nature of the cache

If $Mode == 0, an array of keys is returned

If $Mode == 1, then an array of hashrefs, with 'key', 'last_access', 'expire_time' and 'flags' keys is returned

If $Mode == 2, then hashrefs also contain 'value' key

multi_get($PageKey, [ $Key1, $Key2, ... ])

The two multi_xxx routines act a bit differently to the other routines. With the multi_get, you pass a separate PageKey value and then multiple keys. The PageKey value is hashed, and that page locked. Then that page is searched for each key. It returns a hash ref of Key => Value items found in that page in the cache.

The main advantage of this is just a speed one, if you happen to need to search for a lot of items on each call.

For instance, say you have users and a bunch of pieces of separate information for each user. On a particular run, you need to retrieve a sub-set of that information for a user. You could do lots of get() calls, or you could use the 'username' as the page key, and just use one multi_get() and multi_set() call instead.

A couple of things to note:

This makes multi_get()/multi_set() and get()/set() incompatiable. Don't mix calls to the two, because you won't find the data you're expecting
The writeback and callback modes of operation do not work with multi_get()/multi_set(). Don't attempt to use them together.

multi_set($PageKey, { $Key1 = $Value1, $Key2 => $Value2, ... }, [ \%Options ])>

Store specified key/value pair into cache

INTERNAL METHODS

_expunge_all($Mode, $WB)

Expunge all items from the cache

Expunged items (that have not expired) are written back to the underlying store if write_back is enabled

_expunge_page($Mode, $WB, $Len)

Expunge items from the current page to make space for $Len bytes key/value items

Expunged items (that have not expired) are written back to the underlying store if write_back is enabled

INCOMPATIABLE CHANGES

From 1.15

Default share_file name is no-longer /tmp/sharefile, but /tmp/sharefile-$pid-$time. This ensures that different runs/processes don't interfere with each other, but means you may not connect up to the file you expect. You should be choosing an explicit name in most cases.
The new option unlink_on_exit defaults to true if you pass a filename for the share_file which doesn't already exist. This means if you have one process that creates the file, and another that expects the file to be there, by default it won't be.

Otherwise the defaults seem sensible to cleanup unneeded share files rather than leaving them around to accumulate.

SEE ALSO

the MLDBM::Sync manpage, the IPC::MM manpage, the Cache::FileCache manpage, the Cache::SharedMemoryCache manpage, the DBI manpage, the Cache::Mmap manpage, BerkeleyDB

Latest news/details can also be found at:

http://cpan.robm.fastmail.fm/cachefastmmap/

AUTHOR

Rob Mueller mailto:cpan@robm.fastmail.fm

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2003-2007 by FastMail IP Partners

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.